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TONY ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED J.D. McCARTHY POST CARD BLACK HAWKS
TONY ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED J.D. McCARTHY POST CARD BLACK HAWKS
US $25.00
Hull Mikita Savard Pilote Esposito Chicago Blackhawks Signed 16x20 Photo w/PIC
Hull Mikita Savard Pilote Esposito Chicago Blackhawks Signed 16x20 Photo w/PIC
US $199.99
Phil Esposito signed puck
Phil Esposito signed puck
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1995 Hockey Timeless Legend Set Autographed Richard Hull Howe Hall T&P Esposito
1995 Hockey Timeless Legend Set Autographed Richard Hull Howe Hall T&P Esposito
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Lot Of 10 Mid 1970's Topps Hall Of Famers Autographed Hockey Cards Esposito
Lot Of 10 Mid 1970's Topps Hall Of Famers Autographed Hockey Cards Esposito
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TONY ESPOSITO SIGNED TOPPS CARD
TONY ESPOSITO SIGNED TOPPS CARD
US $7.95
PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED HAND SIGNED HOF 84 RANGERS XL JERSEY AUTO w/ COA  ***
PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED HAND SIGNED HOF 84 RANGERS XL JERSEY AUTO w/ COA ***
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Phil Esposito SIGNED Custom Framed 16x20 STEINER JSA
Phil Esposito SIGNED Custom Framed 16x20 STEINER JSA
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PHIL ESPOSITO BOSTON BRUINS SIGNED
PHIL ESPOSITO BOSTON BRUINS SIGNED "MVP" JERSEY JSA AUTHENTICATED
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PHIL ESPOSITO    AUTOGRAPHED    SWEATER / JERSEY      BOSTON BRUINS
PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED SWEATER / JERSEY BOSTON BRUINS
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TONY ESPOSITO    AUTOGRAPHED   SWEATER / JERSEY    CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS
TONY ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED SWEATER / JERSEY CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS
US $124.99
TONY ESPOSITO     AUTOGRAPHED HAT
TONY ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED HAT "SWEET CONDITION"
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Phil Esposito Autographed Boston Bruins 8x10 Photo
Phil Esposito Autographed Boston Bruins 8x10 Photo
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1981-82 TOPPS SIGNED CARD TONY ESPOSITO CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS CANADIENS GOALIE 11
1981-82 TOPPS SIGNED CARD TONY ESPOSITO CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS CANADIENS GOALIE 11
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Phil Esposito Autographed Canada NHL Stamp Presentation Pack
Phil Esposito Autographed Canada NHL Stamp Presentation Pack
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Phil Esposito signed 1980-81 Rangers Topps hockey card
Phil Esposito signed 1980-81 Rangers Topps hockey card
US $24.99
Phil Esposito signed 1979-80 Rangers Topps hockey card
Phil Esposito signed 1979-80 Rangers Topps hockey card
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Phil Esposito signed 1978-79 Rangers Topps hockey card
Phil Esposito signed 1978-79 Rangers Topps hockey card
US $24.99
Phil Esposito signed 1977-78 Rangers OPC hockey card
Phil Esposito signed 1977-78 Rangers OPC hockey card
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PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED NHL BOSTON BRUINS PUCK
PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED NHL BOSTON BRUINS PUCK
US $35.00
JANUARY 11,1983 MASTERS OF HOCKEY AUTOGRAPHED STICK 15 ESPOSITO MIKITA HOWELL +
JANUARY 11,1983 MASTERS OF HOCKEY AUTOGRAPHED STICK 15 ESPOSITO MIKITA HOWELL +
US $179.99
PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED NEW YORK RANGERS 16x20 B&W PHOTO COA
PHIL ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED NEW YORK RANGERS 16x20 B&W PHOTO COA
US $79.99
Tony ESPOSITO Hall of Fame 1988 Autographed-Signed-Autograph 8X10 PHOTO with COA
Tony ESPOSITO Hall of Fame 1988 Autographed-Signed-Autograph 8X10 PHOTO with COA
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Phil Esposito Autographed 8X10 Photo w/FP COA (Boston Bruins)
Phil Esposito Autographed 8X10 Photo w/FP COA (Boston Bruins)
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Tony Esposito Autographed 8X10 Photo w/FP COA (Chicago Blackhawks)
Tony Esposito Autographed 8X10 Photo w/FP COA (Chicago Blackhawks)
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BOBBY HULL MIKITA PILOTE SAVARD ESPOSITO Signed 16x20
BOBBY HULL MIKITA PILOTE SAVARD ESPOSITO Signed 16x20
US $249.99
BOBBY HULL TONY ESPOSITO BLACKHAWKS 16x20 Signed
BOBBY HULL TONY ESPOSITO BLACKHAWKS 16x20 Signed
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Lot Of 7 1979-80 Topps Autographed Hockey Cards Esposito Perreault Bossy Smith
Lot Of 7 1979-80 Topps Autographed Hockey Cards Esposito Perreault Bossy Smith
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Tony Esposito HOF 1988 Blackhawks Signed 16x20 PROOF
Tony Esposito HOF 1988 Blackhawks Signed 16x20 PROOF
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Tony Esposito Chicago Blackhawks Signed 8x10 w/picture
Tony Esposito Chicago Blackhawks Signed 8x10 w/picture
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Tony Esposito Blackhawks Signed Puck PIC 3 x VEZINA
Tony Esposito Blackhawks Signed Puck PIC 3 x VEZINA
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Tony Esposito Chicago Blackhawks Signed Puck PIC HOF 88
Tony Esposito Chicago Blackhawks Signed Puck PIC HOF 88
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TONY ESPOSITO SIGNED CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS JERSEY NHL HOF LEGEND AUTO COA
TONY ESPOSITO SIGNED CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS JERSEY NHL HOF LEGEND AUTO COA
US $279.99
Thunder and Lightning Phil Esposito Autographed Book
Thunder and Lightning Phil Esposito Autographed Book
US $60.00
1971 Topps TONY ESPOSITO BlackHawks Signed Card PSA/DNA
1971 Topps TONY ESPOSITO BlackHawks Signed Card PSA/DNA
US $69.00
GORDIE HOWE & TONY ESPOSITO Signed VINTAGE 11X14 PHOTO - JSA G41084
GORDIE HOWE & TONY ESPOSITO Signed VINTAGE 11X14 PHOTO - JSA G41084
US $249.95
Phil Esposito signed Canada Cup hockey card
Phil Esposito signed Canada Cup hockey card
US $26.00
Phil Esposito signed Canada Cup Peace hockey card
Phil Esposito signed Canada Cup Peace hockey card
US $26.00
TONY ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS JERSEY
TONY ESPOSITO AUTOGRAPHED CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS JERSEY
US $499.99
Blackhawks BOBBY HULL TONY ESPOSITO PILOTE STAN MIKITA SAVARD signed jersey
Blackhawks BOBBY HULL TONY ESPOSITO PILOTE STAN MIKITA SAVARD signed jersey
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1978-79 Topps Card Autographed Tony Esposito  EX/MT
1978-79 Topps Card Autographed Tony Esposito EX/MT
US $16.99
TONY ESPOSITO Signed
TONY ESPOSITO Signed "HOF 88" 8x10 Great Save Photo JSA
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Phil & Tony Esposito SIGNED B&W 16X20 JSA
Phil & Tony Esposito SIGNED B&W 16X20 JSA
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PSA/DNA TONY ESPOSITO
PSA/DNA TONY ESPOSITO "423 NHL WINS "AUTOGRAPHED-SIGNED CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS PUCK
US $39.99
HOF Phil Esposito Signed Vintage 23x35 Poster PSA COA
HOF Phil Esposito Signed Vintage 23x35 Poster PSA COA
US $125.00
Angelo Esposito Autographed Index Card*PSA/JSA Guarantd
Angelo Esposito Autographed Index Card*PSA/JSA Guarantd
US $10.00
Phil & Tony Esposito SIGNED CHERRY Framed 16X20 JSA
Phil & Tony Esposito SIGNED CHERRY Framed 16X20 JSA
US $151.05
Phil Esposito Signed New York Rangers NHL Rare Vintage Hockey Puck JSA G48778
Phil Esposito Signed New York Rangers NHL Rare Vintage Hockey Puck JSA G48778
US $99.00
Tony Esposito Signed
Tony Esposito Signed "HOF 1988" Jersey with Holograms
US $200.00
Tony Esposito signed 16x20 photo Chicago Blackhawks
Tony Esposito signed 16x20 photo Chicago Blackhawks
US $55.00
AUTOGRAPHED NUMBER #5 TONY ESPOSITO JERSEY NUMBER ORIGINAL CHERRY MINT
AUTOGRAPHED NUMBER #5 TONY ESPOSITO JERSEY NUMBER ORIGINAL CHERRY MINT
US $35.00
Phil Esposito HOF New York Rangers Signed 1979-1980 Topps Card # 220 Rare SL COA
Phil Esposito HOF New York Rangers Signed 1979-1980 Topps Card # 220 Rare SL COA
US $25.00
Tony Esposito HOF Chicago Black Hawks Signed 1981-1982 Topps Card # 11 SL COA
Tony Esposito HOF Chicago Black Hawks Signed 1981-1982 Topps Card # 11 SL COA
US $20.00
Tony Esposito Chicago Black Hawks HOF Signed 1976-1977 Topps Card # 100 SL COA
Tony Esposito Chicago Black Hawks HOF Signed 1976-1977 Topps Card # 100 SL COA
US $20.00
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins HOF Signed 1974 Topps Hart Trophy Card # 244 SL COA
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins HOF Signed 1974 Topps Hart Trophy Card # 244 SL COA
US $25.00
Phil Esposito Canada Cup HOF Signed 1992-1993 Future Trends Card #102 SL COA
Phil Esposito Canada Cup HOF Signed 1992-1993 Future Trends Card #102 SL COA
US $25.00
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins HOF Signed 1974 Topps Ross Trophy Card # 246 SL COA
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins HOF Signed 1974 Topps Ross Trophy Card # 246 SL COA
US $25.00
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins HOF Signed 1991 Upper Deck Heroes Card # 510 SL COA
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins HOF Signed 1991 Upper Deck Heroes Card # 510 SL COA
US $25.00
Phil Esposito HOF Canada Cup Signed 1992-1993 Future Trends Card #153 SL COA
Phil Esposito HOF Canada Cup Signed 1992-1993 Future Trends Card #153 SL COA
US $25.00
Tony Esposito Chicago Black Hawks HOF Signed 1981-1982 Topps Card # 126 SL COA
Tony Esposito Chicago Black Hawks HOF Signed 1981-1982 Topps Card # 126 SL COA
US $20.00
Phil Esposito Canada Cup HOF Signed 1991-1992 Future Trends Card # 84 SL COA
Phil Esposito Canada Cup HOF Signed 1991-1992 Future Trends Card # 84 SL COA
US $25.00
Esposito Line Autographed 16x20 Photo Boston Bruins HOF
Esposito Line Autographed 16x20 Photo Boston Bruins HOF
US $99.99
Tony Esposito HOF Chicago Black Hawks Signed 1972-1973 Topps Card # 121 SL COA
Tony Esposito HOF Chicago Black Hawks Signed 1972-1973 Topps Card # 121 SL COA
US $25.00
Tony Esposito Black Hawks Signed 1992-1993 O-Pee-Chee Reprint Card # 194 SL COA
Tony Esposito Black Hawks Signed 1992-1993 O-Pee-Chee Reprint Card # 194 SL COA
US $20.00
Tony Esposito Black Hawks Signed 1992-1993 O-Pee-Chee Reprint Card # 138 SL COA
Tony Esposito Black Hawks Signed 1992-1993 O-Pee-Chee Reprint Card # 138 SL COA
US $20.00
Phil Esposito HOF Canada Cup Signed 1991-1992 Future Trends Card # 40 SL COA
Phil Esposito HOF Canada Cup Signed 1991-1992 Future Trends Card # 40 SL COA
US $25.00
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1978-1979 Topps Vintage Card # 250 SL COA
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1978-1979 Topps Vintage Card # 250 SL COA
US $20.00
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1977-1978 Topps Vintage Card # 170 SL COA
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1977-1978 Topps Vintage Card # 170 SL COA
US $20.00
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1979-1980 Topps Vintage Card # 80 SL COA
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1979-1980 Topps Vintage Card # 80 SL COA
US $20.00
Phil Esposito HOF Boston Bruins Signed 1973-1974 Topps Card # 2 Vintage SL COA
Phil Esposito HOF Boston Bruins Signed 1973-1974 Topps Card # 2 Vintage SL COA
US $25.00
Phil Esposito HOF Boston Bruins Signed 1990-1991 Pro Set Card # 403 Rare SL COA
Phil Esposito HOF Boston Bruins Signed 1990-1991 Pro Set Card # 403 Rare SL COA
US $25.00
Phil Esposito HOF Boston Bruins Signed 1991-1992 Pro Set Card # 594 Rare SL COA
Phil Esposito HOF Boston Bruins Signed 1991-1992 Pro Set Card # 594 Rare SL COA
US $25.00
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1972-1973 Topps Vezina Card # 173 SL COA
Tony Esposito HOF Black Hawks Signed 1972-1973 Topps Vezina Card # 173 SL COA
US $25.00
TONY ESPOSITO SIGNED PSA/DNA  1990 PRO SET HOCKEY CERTIFIED AUTOGRAPH
TONY ESPOSITO SIGNED PSA/DNA 1990 PRO SET HOCKEY CERTIFIED AUTOGRAPH
US $40.00
PHIL ESPOSITO SIGNED PSA/DNA  1991 FUTURE TRENDS HOCKEY CERTIFIED AUTOGRAPH
PHIL ESPOSITO SIGNED PSA/DNA 1991 FUTURE TRENDS HOCKEY CERTIFIED AUTOGRAPH
US $44.00
Tony Esposito signed 16x20 action Chicago Blackhawks
Tony Esposito signed 16x20 action Chicago Blackhawks
US $55.00
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins Autographed Program
Phil Esposito Boston Bruins Autographed Program
US $24.99
PHIL ESPOSITO SIGNED PSA/DNA COA 8X10 PHOTO AUTO AUTOGRAPH AUTOGRAPHED PSA COA
PHIL ESPOSITO SIGNED PSA/DNA COA 8X10 PHOTO AUTO AUTOGRAPH AUTOGRAPHED PSA COA
US $69.99
BOSTON BRUINS PHIL ESPOSITO SIGNED AUTO 8X10 PHOTO
BOSTON BRUINS PHIL ESPOSITO SIGNED AUTO 8X10 PHOTO
US $40.00
Tony Esposito Autographed 16x20 Photo Blackhawks HOF
Tony Esposito Autographed 16x20 Photo Blackhawks HOF
US $69.99
Bobby Hull Chicago Blackhawks Signed 16x20 Photo w/PIC Mikita Esposito CUBS RARE
Bobby Hull Chicago Blackhawks Signed 16x20 Photo w/PIC Mikita Esposito CUBS RARE
US $49.99
BLACKHAWS HALLWAY ESPOSITO PILOTE HULL SAVARD MIKITA  IP AUTO SIGNED 11X14 5 HOF
BLACKHAWS HALLWAY ESPOSITO PILOTE HULL SAVARD MIKITA IP AUTO SIGNED 11X14 5 HOF
US $150.00
PHIL ESPOSITO IP AUTO SIGNED 11X14 PHOTOGRAPH BRUINS HOF !!
PHIL ESPOSITO IP AUTO SIGNED 11X14 PHOTOGRAPH BRUINS HOF !!
US $45.00
TONY ESPOSITO IP AUTO SIGNED 8X10 PHOTOGRAPH BLACKHAWKS HOF !!
TONY ESPOSITO IP AUTO SIGNED 8X10 PHOTOGRAPH BLACKHAWKS HOF !!
US $20.00
Tony Esposito Signed Chicago BlackHawks Mini Goalie mask HOF Insc
Tony Esposito Signed Chicago BlackHawks Mini Goalie mask HOF Insc
US $25.99
2010-11 Chicago Wolves Team Signed Photo w/ Angelo Esposito Atlanta Thrashers
2010-11 Chicago Wolves Team Signed Photo w/ Angelo Esposito Atlanta Thrashers
US $42.49
PHIL ESPOSITO signed LIMITED EDITION Lithograph   #198 AUTOGRAPH
PHIL ESPOSITO signed LIMITED EDITION Lithograph #198 AUTOGRAPH
US $79.99
TONY ESPOSITO CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS  AUTOGRAPHED HOCKEY PUCK
TONY ESPOSITO CHICAGO BLACKHAWKS AUTOGRAPHED HOCKEY PUCK
US $29.99
Phil Esposito autographed photo
Phil Esposito autographed photo
US $50.00
Tony Esposito - Tony
Tony Esposito - Tony "0" - Autographed Wine Bottle - NHL Alumni Wine Series
US $210.00
The Brothers Esposito signed by Phil Boston Bruins JSA
The Brothers Esposito signed by Phil Boston Bruins JSA
US $49.99
Tony & Phil Esposito SIGNED 8X10 Photo -70134
Tony & Phil Esposito SIGNED 8X10 Photo -70134
US $80.75

Esposito Signed

Esposito Signed

The Pacifism of Islam

According to the Koran, war represents an "unwanted obligation" which has to be absolutely carried out with strict observance of particular humane and moral values and resorted only when it is inevitable.

In a verse, it is explained that those who start wars are the disbelievers and that God does not approve wars:

…Each time they kindle the fire of war, Allah extinguishes it. They rush about the earth corrupting it. Allah does not love corrupters. (Surat al-Ma'ida: 64)

A closer examination of Prophet Muhammad's life reveals that war is a method resorted for defensive purposes only in unavoidable situations.

The revelation of the Koran to Prophet Muhammad lasted for 23 years. During the first 13 years of this period, Muslims lived as a minority under a pagan rule in Mecca and faced much oppression. Many Muslims were harassed, abused, tortured, and even murdered, their houses and possessions were plundered. Despite this however, Muslims led their lives without resorting to any violence and always called pagans to peace.

When the oppression of pagans escalated unbearably, Muslims emigrated to the town of Yathrib, which was later to be renamed Medina, where they could establish their own order in a more friendly and free environment. Even establishing their own political system did not prompt them to take up weapons against aggressive pagans of Mecca. Only after the following revelation, the Prophet commanded his people to get prepared for war:

Permission to fight is given to those who are fought against because they have been wronged - truly God has the power to come to their support - those who were expelled from their homes without any right, merely for saying, 'Our Lord is God'… (Surat al-Hajj: 39-40)

In brief, Muslims were allowed to wage war only because they were oppressed and subjected to violence. To put it in another way, God granted permission for war only for defensive purposes. In other verses, Muslims are warned against use of unnecessary provocation or unnecessary violence:

Fight in the Way of God against those who fight you, but do not go beyond the limits. God does not love those who go beyond the limits. (Surat al-Baqara: 190)

After the revelations of these verses, wars occurred between Muslims and pagan Arabs. In none of these wars, however, were the Muslims the inciting party. Furthermore, Prophet Muhammad established a secure and peaceful social environment for Muslims and pagans alike by signing a peace agreement (Hudaybiya) which conceded to the pagans most of their requests. The party who violated the terms of the agreement and started a new war was again the pagans. However, with rapid conversions into Islam, the Islamic armies attained great power against the pagan Arabs and Prophet Muhammad conquered Mecca without bloodshed and in a spirit of tolerance. If he willed, he could have taken revenge on pagan leaders in the city. Yet, he did not do harm to any one of them, forgave them and treated them with the utmost tolerance. Pagans, who would later convert to Islam by their own will, could not help admiring such noble character of the Prophet.

The Islamic principles God proclaims in the Koran account for this peaceful and temperate policy of Prophet Muhammad. In the Koran, God commands believers to treat even the non-Muslims kindly and justly:

...God does not forbid you from being good to those who have not fought you over religion or driven you from your homes, or from being just towards them. God loves those who are just. God merely forbids you from taking as friends those who have fought you over religion and driven you from your homes and who supported your expulsion... (Surat al-Mumtahana: 8-9)

The verses above specify the outlook of a Muslim on non-Muslims: A Muslim should treat all non-Muslims kindly and avoid making friends only with those who show enmity to Islam. In case this enmity causes violent attacks against the existence of Muslims, that is, in case they wage a war against them, then Muslims should respond them justly by considering the humane dimensions of the situation. All forms of barbarism, unnecessary acts of violence and unjust aggression are forbidden by Islam. In another verse, God warns Muslims against this and explains that rage felt for enemies should not cause them to drift them into injustice:

You who believe! Show integrity for the sake of God, bearing witness with justice. Do not let hatred for a people incite you into not being just. Be just. That is closer to heedfulness. Heed God (alone). God is aware of what you do. (Surat al-Ma'ida: 8)

The Meaning of the Concept of "Jihad"

Another concept that deserves clarification due to the content of this article is the concept of "jihad".

The exact meaning of "Jihad" is "effort". That is, in Islam, "to carry out jihad" is "to show efforts, to struggle". Prophet Muhammad explained that "the greatest jihad is the one a person carries out against his lower soul". What is meant by "lower soul" here is the selfish desires and ambitions. A struggle given on intellectual grounds against anti-religious, atheist views is also a form of jihad in its complete sense.

Apart from these ideological and spiritual meanings, struggle in the physical sense is also considered as "jihad". However, as explained above, this has to be a struggle carried out solely for defensive purposes. The use of the concept of "jihad" for acts of aggression against innocent people, that is for terror, would be unjust and a great distortion.

Compassion, Tolerance and Pacifism in Islam

To state briefly, the Islamic political doctrine is extremely peaceful and moderate. This fact is also confirmed by many non-Muslim historians and theologians. One of these is the British historian, Karen Armstrong, a former nun and a renowned expert on Middle East history. In her book, Holy War, in which she examines the history of the three great divine religions, she comments:

... The word Islam comes from the same Arabic root as the word peace and the Koran condemns war as an abnormal state of affairs opposed to God's will: "When the enemies of the Muslims kindle a fire for war, Allah extinguishes it. They strive to create disorder in earth, and Allah loves not those who create disorder." (Koran 28:78). Islam does not justify a total aggressive war or extermination, as the Torah does in the first five books of the Bible. A more realistic religion than Christianity, Islam recognizes that war is inevitable and sometimes a positive duty in order to and oppressions and suffering. The Koran teaches that war must be limited and be conducted in as humane a way of possible. Mohammed had to fight not only the Meccans but also the Jewish tribes in the area and Christian tribes in Syria who planned on offensive against him in alliance with the Jews. Yet this did not make Mohammed denounce the People of the Book. His Muslims were forced to defend themselves but they were not fighting a holy war against the religion of their enemies. When Mohammed sent his freedman Zaid against the Christians at the head of a Muslim army, he told them to fight in the cause of God bravely but humanely. They must not molest priests, monks and nuns nor the weak and helpless people who were unable to fight. There must be no massacre of civilians nor should they cut down a single tree nor pull down any building. This was very different from the wars of Joshua. [1]

Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, Muslims continued to treat the members of other religions with tolerance and respect. Islamic states became the secure and free home of both Jews and Christians. After the conquest of Jerusalem, Caliph Omar calmed the Christians who were in fear of a massacre and explained to them that they were secure. Furthermore, he visited their churches and declared that they could continue to practise their worship freely.

In 1099, 4 centuries after the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims, Crusaders invaded Jerusalem and put all Muslims inhabitants to the sword. Again, contrary to the fears of Christians, Saladin, the Muslim general who captured Jerusalem and saved the city from invasion in 1187, did not touch even a single civilian and did not allow a single soldier to plunder. Moreover, he allowed the invading Christians to take all their possessions and leave the city in security.

A portrait of the tolerance against Christians in the Islamic lands.

The periods of Seljuk Turks and the Ottoman Empire were also marked by the tolerance and justice of Islam. As is known, Jews who were expelled from Catholic Spain found the peace they sought on the lands of Ottoman Empire, where they took refuge in 1492. Sultan Mehmed, the conqueror of Istanbul, also allowed Jews and Christians religious freedom. Regarding the tolerant and just practises of Muslims, historian A. Miquel states the following:

The Christians were ruled by a very well administered state which was something that did not exist in the Byzantium or Latin sovereignty. They were never subjected to a systematized oppression. On the contrary, the Empire, and foremost Istanbul, became a refuge for the much tortured Spanish Jews. They were never forced to accept Islam. [2]

John L. Esposito, a professor of Religion and International Politics at the Georgetown University, makes a similar comment:

For many non-Muslim populations in Byzantine and Persian territories already subjugated to foreign rulers, Islamic rule meant an exchange of rulers, the new ones often more flexible and tolerant, rather than a loss of independence. Many of these populations now enjoyed greater local autonomy and often paid lower taxes... Religiously, Islam proved a more tolerant religion, providing greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians. [3]

As is clarified in these words, history never witnessed Muslims as "makers of mischief". On the contrary, they brought security and peace to the people from all nations and beliefs inhabiting the large territory over which they reigned. (For further reference, see Justice and Tolerance in the Koran, by Harun Yahya, 2000)

In brief, compassion, peace and tolerance constitute the very basis of the values of the Koran and Islam aims to wipe mischief out of the earth. The commands of the Koran and the ways Muslims practised them throughout history are so clear as to leave no room for dispute.

Under the pen name of Harun Yahya, Adnan Oktar has written some 250 works. His books contain a total of 46,000 pages and 31,500 illustrations. Of these books, 7,000 pages and 6,000 illustrations deal with the collapse of the Theory of Evolution. You can read, free of charge, all the books Adnan Oktar has written under the pen name Harun Yahya on these websites www.harunyahya.com

Notes

1- Karen Armstrong, Holy War, MacMillian London Limited, 1988, p. 25

2- Feridun Emecen, Kemal Beydilli, Mehmet Ýpþirli, Mehmet Akif Aydýn, Ýlber Ortaylý, Abdülkadir Özcan, Bahaeddin Yediyýldýz, Mübahat Kütükoðlu, Osmanlý Devleti Medeniyeti Tarihi, (The History of the Ottoman State), Istanbul: 1994, Ýslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araþtýrma Merkezi, p. 467

3- John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 39

About the Author

ABOUT THE AUTHOR, HARUN YAHYA
Born in Ankara in 1956, Adnan Oktar writes his books under the pen name of Harun Yahya. Ever since his university years, he has dedicated his life to telling of the existence and oneness of Almighty Allah, and to disseminating the moral values of the Qur'an. He has never wavered in the face of difficulties and despite oppression, still continues this intellectual struggle today exhibiting great patience and determination. For mor information pls visit: http://www.harunyahya.com/theauthor.php

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